Caroline Van Wynsberghe
Catholic University of Louvain,
Department of Social and Political Sciences
Weaknesses of the Federal Formula as Implemented in Belgium
This study examines the main characteristics of Belgian federalism. An in-depth analysis of this model clearly shows its weaknesses and limits. The specificities of Belgian federalism make it an example that other federations should be sure to avoid reproducing.
Prior to addressing the current conditions of this political system, the study examines the genesis of the Belgian federation, its political culture and evolution in recent decades. In proceeding with this task, it becomes clear that the legacy of “consociationalism”, i.e. permanent power sharing between the elites of deeply divided societies, is still perceptible today.
The consociative tradition that is proper to Belgium has favoured the creation of two types of overlapping federated entities, which remain on an equal footing (Regions and Communities). This structure generates confusion and does not function to unite the partners of the federation. Furthermore, the constituent entities do not participate in political decision-making since the Belgian Senate is not really a House for the federated entities, as is the case in most federations.
The Belgian model also suffers from the absence of national political parties. The latter usually play the role of a discussion forum enabling the creation of social and political ties between the different communities. Deprived of this common ground, Belgian political debate emphasizes opposition between the country’s component parts rather than along ideological lines.
